crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever-treatment and preventive strategies

crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever is a tick-borne viral disease reported from more than 30 countries in africa, asia, south-east europe, and the middle east. the majority of human cases are workers in livestock industry, agriculture, slaughterhouses, and veterinary practice. the current mortality rate in endemic areas varies between 5 to 20 percent depending on the geographic location and medical supportive treatment. unfortunately, there is currently no fda-approved vaccine for prevention or specific antiviral drug for the treatment of cchf. ribavirin, effective against cchfv in vitro, is one of the few options for treatment of cchfv, but its efficacy is still questionable due to contradictory clinical studies. the efficacy of other options including intravenous immuneglobulin (ivig), steroids, cchf hyperimmuneglobulin, and cchf monoclonal antibodies is still controversial.